Machine Learning: Origins, Developments and Implications
First published:
ISBN: 978-1-78272-445-2
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Introduction: human-machine entanglement
Preface
Introduction: human-machine entanglement
Machine learning: origins
Useful tools
Decision trees
Introduction to neural networks
Back-propagation
Regularisation
Optimisation
Building neural networks
Early applications of machine learning
Interpreting neural network decisions
Predicting corporate bond returns
Deep learning networks
Applications of deep learning networks
Machine intelligence
Consciousness
The future and its challenges
Artificial intelligence and the military
Final thoughts
Appendix
Epilogue
Acknowledgements
I’m sorry Dave, I’m afraid I can’t do that.
These were the words Dave Bowman heard emanating from HAL 9000 in a scene from Stanley Kubrick’s 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey. HAL, shown in Figure 1.1, was informing Dave that he, HAL, had taken over the spacecraft on which they were crew mates, and could not let Dave back inside the craft.11 2001: A Space Odyssey is interesting not only for the issues it raises, but for Arthur C. Clarke’s skillful unfolding of interactions underlying the decision to deactivate HAL. HAL is an acronym for “Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer”. He is initially considered a dependable crew member, maintaining ship functions and engaging genially with his human crew mates on an equal footing, but he begins to malfunction in subtle ways and, as a result, astronauts David Bowman and Frank Poole discuss disconnecting HAL’s cognitive circuits. However, they are unaware that HAL can read their lips. Faced with disconnection, HAL decides to kill the astronauts. In the story, HAL is a sentient artificial intelligence computer that controls the systems of the Discovery One spacecraft and interacts collegially with the ship’s astronaut crew. HAL had been
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